Skip to main content

Main navigation

  • Home
  • Discover
  • Learning Center
  • What’s New

Second main navigation

  • Altium Community
  • Support
  • Documentation
×

Results

  • Updates
  • Blog 570
  • Video 539
  • Webinar 86
  • Playlist 53
Filters:
Tag (field_common_tag)
Blog • Oct 2, 2025
Most Common Causes of PCB Assembly Rework and Scrap

Many PCB assemblies fail not because of exotic faults, but due to basic issues like incorrect BOM entries or footprint mismatches that force rework or scrap. This article dives into the most common causes and how to prevent costly defects in your design-to-manufacturing process.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Mechanically Drilled Blind & Buried Vias: PCB Design Rules Explained
How-To's • Oct 1, 2025
Mechanically Drilled Blind & Buried Vias: PCB Design Rules Explained

Discover the essential design rules and manufacturing processes for mechanically drilled blind and buried vias in PCB layouts in this comprehensive tutorial. We cover the stack drill-and-plate fabrication process, aspect ratio limitations, sub-lamination design, and copper weight considerations. You’ll also learn how these vias differ from HDI microvias and gain a clear understanding of the critical design constraints needed for successful PCB manufacturing.

Start Watching
Blog • Sep 30, 2025
Behind the Scenes with AI Embedded Development

Forget one-shot AI hacks Ari Mahpour shows the thoughtful, sustainable way to integrate AI into embedded firmware development. Learn the core principles (planning gate, HAL abstraction, observability, timeout design) that can help you push your efficiency 5-10 times in real hardware projects.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Altium Training - Design Environment: Navigation with Schematic Workspace
Altium Training • Sep 29, 2025
Altium Training - Design Environment: Navigation with Schematic Workspace

Discover the most important navigation techniques for the schematic workspace using both mouse and keyboard controls. In this tutorial video, you’ll learn how to use the View menu commands for document fitting, area zooming, and object selection, along with advanced navigation shortcuts. Master mouse-based panning and zooming, explore Ctrl key combinations, and practice arrow key movements - all designed to simplify your workflow in the PCB design process.

Start Watching
Blog • Sep 25, 2025
We're heading to PCB West 2025!

Join Altium at PCB West 2025 in Santa Clara, CA, on October 1! Stop by Booth 300 for the official launch of the new Altium platform, built on the foundation of Altium Designer and Altium 365. Be sure to check out our live demos of Altium Develop and Altium Agile.

Read More
Blog • Sep 24, 2025
Peak Electrical Performance in Multi-Board Designs With Advanced Simulation and Compliance Tools

Moving from single-board to multi-board systems is a leap in complexity. You must manage not just routing, but power, signal integrity, mechanical fit, and regulatory requirements across boards. In this article, you’ll discover how Altium’s advanced simulation and compliance tools help engineering teams overcome these challenges and deliver reliable multi-board solutions.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Altium Training - Design Environment: The Altium Environment
How-To's • Sep 23, 2025
Altium Training - Design Environment: The Altium Environment

Get familiar with the core workspace layout and navigation methods. In this video, you’ll see how to open schematic and PCB documents, work within the unified design environment, and move between multiple open files using document tabs and keyboard shortcuts.

Start Watching
Blog • Sep 22, 2025
How to Catch Enclosure and Connector Misalignment Before the First Prototype

As electronics continue to miniaturize and functionality increases, even minor misalignments between enclosures and connectors can derail a project. This article explores how early integration of ECAD and MCAD workflows helps detect and eliminate those costly issues before the first prototype is built.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Altium Training - Design Environment: Opening a Project from a Local Drive
Altium Training • Sep 18, 2025
Altium Training - Design Environment: Opening a Project from a Local Drive

Get your PCB design workflow off to a smooth start. This Altium tutorial walks you through opening projects from your local directory - a core skill that keeps your process efficient and organized from day one.

Start Watching
Blog • Sep 17, 2025
Executive Insights Into Electronic Product Development Gaps You Need To Close

Electronics hardware development is falling behind broader product development disciplines due to fragmented workflows, poor collaboration, and limited compliance visibility. This gap introduces risk, delays, and missed opportunities but executives see real business value in modernizing electronics development through better integration, traceability, and lifecycle visibility.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Altium Essentials: Design Environment
Altium Training • Sep 16, 2025
Altium Essentials: Design Environment

Take control of your PCB design workflow with Altium Essentials: Design Environment. This tutorial module guides you through the fundamentals of workspace management, from handling panels and documents to mastering menus, context commands, and time-saving shortcuts.

Start Watching
Blog • Sep 15, 2025
Sourcing For High-Mix Low-Volume Electronics Manufacturing

High-mix, low-volume (HMLV) electronics manufacturing requires agile sourcing strategies to handle shifting BOMs, erratic lead times, and component volatility. All while controlling costs and ensuring compliance. Cloud-based tools like Altium provide real-time component visibility, BOM collaboration, and supplier integrations to help navigate HMLV complexities.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for What Makes a Great PCB Design Review Submission?
How-To's • Sep 11, 2025
What Makes a Great PCB Design Review Submission?

Turn your PCB designs into professional-grade submissions. At Altium, we reveal the key practices that transform schematics, layouts, and documentation into review-ready work that stands out. Watch our brand-new tutorial and take your PCB design process to the next level.

Start Watching
Blog • Sep 10, 2025
How to Solve Fit, Form, and Function Challenges in Robotics with ECAD-MCAD Collaboration

As robotics systems become increasingly miniaturized and intricate, ensuring perfect fit, form, and function across electrical and mechanical domains is critical to avoid design setbacks. Real-time ECAD-MCAD integration with two-way sync empowers teams to streamline workflows, reduce PCB rework, and deliver more reliable designs faster.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Altium Training - Workspace Folder Structure: Opening the Explorer Panel
Altium Training • Sep 9, 2025
Altium Training - Workspace Folder Structure: Opening the Explorer Panel

Discover the key ways to access the Explorer panel in Altium Designer with this step-by-step tutorial. The video walks you through four different methods, giving you the freedom to choose the approach that best fits your workflow.

Start Watching
Blog • Sep 8, 2025
One Vision, Three Powerful Solutions: Introducing Altium Discover, Altium Develop, and Altium Agile

We are excited to announce the launch of three new platform-based solutions that will transform the way electronic products are designed, built, and delivered: Altium Discover, Altium Develop, and Altium Agile. These solutions are designed to simplify processes, accelerate innovation, and make collaboration seamless across the entire electronics lifecycle. Together, they realize the purpose of Altium and Renesas: To Make Our Lives Easier.

Read More
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
Designing the Next-Generation Electronics
Blog • Jun 2, 2022
A-SAP™ – What do you need to know?

The continued miniaturization of both packaging and component size in next-generation electronics is becoming harder and harder to work around and presents a significant challenge for both PCB designers and PCB fabricators. To effectively navigate the constraints of the traditional subtractive-etch PCB fabrication processes, PCB designs require advanced PCB fabrication capabilities while pushing the limits of finer feature size, higher layer counts, multiple levels of stacked micro vias and increased lamination cycles.

Read More
Pin-package and Via Delay Values
Blog • May 31, 2022
Pin-Package Delay and Via Delay in High Speed Length Tuning

Take a look at the inside of some integrated circuit packages, and you’ll find a number of wires bonded to the semiconductor die and the pads at the edge of the component's package. As a signal traverses makes its way along an interconnect and into a destination circuit, signals need to travel across these bond wires and pads before they are interpreted as a logic state. As you look around the edge of an IC, these bond wires can have different lengths, and they incur different levels of delay and contribute to total jitter.

Read More
6-Layer PCB Design
Blog • May 26, 2022
6-Layer PCB Design Guidelines

Once you’ve run out of room on your 4-layer PCB, it’s time to graduate to a 6-layer board. The additional layer can give you room for more signals, an additional plane pair, or a mix of conductors. How you use these extra layers is less important than how you arrange them in the PCB stackup, as well as how you route on a 6-layer PCB. If you’ve never used a 6-layer board before, or you’ve had EMI troubles with this stackup that are difficult to solve, keep reading to see some 6-layer PCB design guidelines and best practices.

Read More
Altium Designer Interface
Blog • May 25, 2022
Altium Designer 22.5 Update

We are happy to announce that the Altium Designer 22.5 update is now available. Altium Designer 22.5 continues to focus on improving the user experience, as well as performance and stability of the software, based on feedback from our users. Check out the key new features in the What's New section on the left side of this window!

Read More
Are Hybrid PCB Stackups Reliable?
Blog • May 24, 2022
How Reliable is Your Hybrid PCB Stackup?

PCB stackups often incorporate slightly dissimilar materials that could pose a reliability problem. Hybrid PCBs are one case where the PCB stackup will include different materials, typically a standard FR4 laminate and a PTFE laminate for RF PCBs. Designers who want to take the lead on material selection when designing their hybrid stackups should consider these factors that affect reliability. As with any PCB stackup, make sure you get your fabricator involved in the manufacturing process early to ensure reliability problems do not arise during production.

Read More
Monte Carlo vs Sensitivity Analysis
Blog • May 19, 2022
Monte Carlo Simulation vs. Sensitivity Analysis: What’s the Difference?

In a previous article about circuit simulation and reliability, I looked at how Monte Carlo analysis is commonly used to evaluate circuits that are subject to random variations in component values. Sensitivity analysis is a bit different and it tells you how the operating characteristics of your circuit change in a specific direction. Compared to a Monte Carlo simulation, sensitivity analysis gives you a convenient way to predict exactly how the operating characteristics will change if you were to deliberately increase or decrease the value of a component.

Read More
Simulation, Build and Test
Blog • May 17, 2022
Creating Continuous Integration Pipelines for FPGAs

Field Programmable Gate Arrays, or FPGAs, have become ubiquitous amongst high-speed, real-time digital systems. The speed at which FPGAs operate continues to increase at a dizzying pace but their adoption into Continuous Integration pipelines seems not to trail as closely. In this article we will review the concept of CI pipelines, their application to FPGAs, and look at examples on how to set this up.

Read More
Collaborators Visualization
Blog • May 12, 2022
Soft Locks [Conflict Prevention] in Altium 365

Conflicts can occur when multiple people work on the same project simultaneously. The user might not realize that they are not looking at the latest version of the documentation, leading to problems later. To address this issue, Altium features an intuitive graphical user interface that allows you to examine conflicts quickly and carefully

Read More
Guide to Monte Carlo in SPICE
Blog • May 10, 2022
The Basics of Monte Carlo in SPICE: Theory and Demo

Anytime you place a component in your PCB, it’s almost like you’re gambling. All components have tolerances, and some of these are very precise, but others components can have very wide tolerances on their nominal values. In the event the tolerances on these components become too large, how can you predict how these tolerances will affect your circuits?

Read More
BGA Land Patterns and Footprints
Blog • May 5, 2022
What's In Your BGA Land Pattern and Footprint

If you look in datasheets for most components, you’ll often find a recommended land pattern, usually alongside some mechanical package information and assembly information. This is not always the case with BGA components, especially components with high ball count. There are a few reasons for this that we can speculate: those ball counts might just be too big to put into a single page, or the manufacturer just expects you to know how to create that land pattern.

Read More
Molded Interconnect Devices
Blog • May 3, 2022
MIDs Make a Comeback as Vertical SMD Modules for Your PCB

Molded interconnect devices are essentially plastic molded substrates with traces running along any surface, including at right angles and running vertically. Altium users can use the new 3D Routing extension to design their own component carriers, which can be mounted vertically in a standard assembly process. If you’ve always wanted to vertically mount components or entire circuits, but without the expense of adding a flex section to your design, the new 3D Routing extension with HARTING’s component carrier designs provides a unique solution.

Read More
MCAD CoDesign Process
Blog • Apr 28, 2022
MCAD CoDesigner 2.9.0 is Out

Altium has released version 2.9.0 of the MCAD CoDesigner. This version has the option to exclude small components when transferring from ECAD to MCAD. The arc behavior was improved, and the support for splines in board shape and cutouts was added. With this release, you can now select a specific SOLIDWORKS configuration of a part to use on the board and view the improvements made for Siemens NX.

Read More
Rigid-Flex in Altium Designer
Blog • Apr 26, 2022
Support for Rigid-Flex in Altium Designer

Altium Designer's world-class PCB design features help users quickly get started with new rigid-flex designs and prepare them for manufacturing. Rigid-flex in Altium Designer starts with designing a manufacturable PCB layer stack complete with via transitions and any calculated impedance requirements. Keep reading to see how Altium Designer supports your flex and rigid-flex designs.

Read More
2+N+2 PCB Stackups
Blog • Apr 21, 2022
2+N+2 PCB Stackup Design for HDI Boards

Like any other advanced PCB, success in HDI design comes from designing the right stackup. One common HDI stackup used to support routing into moderate pin count, high-density BGA components is the 2+N+2 PCB layer stack for HDI boards. We’ll explore this stackup more in this article, as well as how it is related to other advanced stackups used in HDI PCBs.

Read More
PDF Viewer in Altium 365
Blog • Apr 19, 2022
PDF in Altium 365 Web Viewer

Altium 365 Web Viewer now includes a built-in PDF viewer that allows you to view PDF files in releases without an external PDF viewer application. Keep reading to learn about new key features that make your work easier

Read More
Rigid-Flex Applications
Blog • Apr 14, 2022
Flex and Rigid-Flex PCB Applications

There are two basic reasons for designing a flex circuit into your product: to build a compact and efficiently assembled device, or to make the circuit dynamically integrated with the mechanical function of the product. You may, of course, lean on both of these reasons for justifying the use of flex circuits. On this note, let’s look at some rigid-flex PCB applications and design examples to see the issues that spring to mind when designing flex circuits

Read More
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
Embedded thumbnail for Pi Filter Formulas and Simulation Deep Dive
How-To's • Dec 13, 2024
Pi Filter Formulas and Simulation Deep Dive

Learn the essentials of Pi filters, including how to size, design, and simulate them in Altium Designer. Host Zach Peterson explains the design equations for Pi filters, discusses online tools for accurate component selection, and demonstrates real-time simulations in Altium Designer to visualize the effects of impedance mismatches.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for True Donut Pad Shapes
New in Altium Designer 25 • Dec 11, 2024
True Donut Pad Shapes

Check out our brand-new short video showcasing an exciting improvement in the PCB design process. Altium Designer 25 now supports true donut pad shapes, enhancing both your routing and performance.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Modernizing Engineering Workflows: Altium Designer 25 and the Future of Concurrent Design - Recording Preview
New in Altium Designer 25 • Dec 10, 2024
Modernizing Engineering Workflows: Altium Designer 25 and the Future of Concurrent Design - Recording Preview

Discover the new features in Altium Designer 25! This webinar recording highlights the Signal Analyzer by Keysight, advanced Wire Bonding capabilities, multi-board design enhancements, and more, showcasing how these tools can transform your PCB design process.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Dynamic Phase Matching and Tuning for Differential Pairs
New in Altium Designer 25 • Dec 5, 2024
Dynamic Phase Matching and Tuning for Differential Pairs

Explore how dynamic phase matching for differential pairs works with the improved match length rule in Altium Designer. Learn key techniques in this quick tutorial!

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Obey Rules and Auto-Shrinking Features
New in Altium Designer 25 • Dec 4, 2024
Obey Rules and Auto-Shrinking Features

Discover how Altium Designer 25's Obey Rules and Auto-Shrinking features streamline routing, ensuring speed and precision while maintaining adherence to all design constraints.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Quickstart Guide: Single Layer PCB Design with Altium Designer 25
New in Altium Designer 25 • Nov 27, 2024
Quickstart Guide: Single Layer PCB Design with Altium Designer 25

Transform your designs with the new Single Layer PCB Design feature in Altium Designer 25! Whether you're working on Rigid-Flex projects or creating simple, space-saving boards, this tool makes the process faster, smarter, and more efficient. Watch our guide now and unlock your next big innovation.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for How to Design Bending Regions in Flex PCBs
How-To's • Nov 25, 2024
How to Design Bending Regions in Flex PCBs

Watch our latest video on bending regions in flex PCBs! This step-by-step guide will show you how to configure stack-ups, distinguish between flex and rigid regions, and troubleshoot common issues in 3D views.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for LDO Regulator Essentials: From Basics to Advanced. Part V: Ripple Rejection
LDO Regulator Essentials • Nov 22, 2024
LDO Regulator Essentials: From Basics to Advanced. Part V: Ripple Rejection

The final part of the LDO Regulator Essentials series focuses on voltage ripple rejection in Low Dropout Regulators (LDOs). Our host Rafał Stępień explains how LDOs clean up DC supply waves, ensuring stable performance in power systems. This episode provides practical insights for optimizing sensitive designs.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Explore Routing Improvements in Altium Designer 25
New in Altium Designer 25 • Nov 21, 2024
Explore Routing Improvements in Altium Designer 25

Discover Routing Improvements in Altium Designer 25. Learn about Dynamic Phase Matching, True Donut Pad Shape, and more in our latest video showcasing the powerful enhancements in our newest release.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Join our upcoming webinar and WIN Free Training!
New in Altium Designer 25 • Nov 19, 2024
Join our upcoming webinar and WIN Free Training!

Don't miss the chance to win FREE access to Mixed Simulation On-Demand Training! Be a part of our webinar on November 21 for our webinar, Modernizing Engineering Workflows: Altium Designer 25 and the Future of Concurrent Design. Register here: AD25 Webinar Registration Page. 

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Wire Bonding Shorts: Die Footprints
New in Altium Designer 25 • Nov 18, 2024
Wire Bonding Shorts: Die Footprints

Check our new short video where Samer Aldhaher demonstrates the Wire Bonding feature in Altium Designer 25, including die-to-die and die-to-copper connections, multiple wire bonds, and pad rotation techniques.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Altium Designer 25: Collaboration at its Finest
New in Altium Designer 25 • Nov 13, 2024
Altium Designer 25: Collaboration at its Finest

Altium Designer 25 focuses on enhancing collaboration for engineering teams with new tools like the SI Analyzer by Keysight, updated PCB CoDesign, MCAD and Ansys CoDesigners, and improved Simulation modules. This release also introduces Wire Bonding, Single Layer PCB, and performance upgrades for optimized PCB design workflows. Check our overview video about all the improvements in this release.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for The Fastest Ways to Run a PCB BOM Review
How-To's • Nov 12, 2024
The Fastest Ways to Run a PCB BOM Review

Conducting a BOM review is crucial to prevent costly delays, obsolete components, and unforeseen sourcing challenges in your PCB project. Discover powerful tools like DigiKey, Octopart, and Altium 365’s BOM portal to simplify your review process and ensure you're selecting the best parts at optimal prices.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Quantum Systems uses Altium Designer and Altium 365 to build the future of Drones
Altium Stories • Nov 6, 2024
Quantum Systems uses Altium Designer and Altium 365 to build the future of Drones

Quantum Systems creates advanced drones for critical aerial intelligence across industries. With Altium Designer and Altium 365, they streamline electronics engineering and enhance team collaboration. Watch how Altium software helps them innovate faster and build reliable drones for mission-critical moments.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Wire Bonding Shorts: 3D Stacked Die with Cavity
New in Altium Designer 25 • Nov 5, 2024
Wire Bonding Shorts: 3D Stacked Die with Cavity

Check our short video by Samer Aldhaher on using Altium Designer’s wire bonding tool for creating 3D stacked die in cavity. Highlights advanced techniques for compact, high-performance PCB designs with 3D integrated circuits.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Constraint Manager Improvements in Altium Designer 25
New in Altium Designer 25 • Nov 4, 2024
Constraint Manager Improvements in Altium Designer 25

Discover the latest in Altium Designer 25’s Constraint Manager, with updates like flexible net selection, streamlined rule management, and differential pair handling. Simplify your PCB design workflow with powerful new tools and enhancements.

Start Watching
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
Altium Enterprise
On-Demand Webinar • May 10, 2025
Streamline your customer relation with Altium 365 Enterprise
Join our webinar designed for engineers and users in EMS companies
Watch Now
PCB
On-Demand Webinar • May 1, 2025
Altium Designer Overview
Altium Designer is the #1 PCB design tool for a reason. Join us for this live webinar and get an inside look at Altium’s world-class PCB design solution. See for yourself why design teams around the globe are making the switch to Altium Designer. Register now!
Watch Now
Enterprise
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 25, 2025
Altium Customization with Scripting or Low-Code
See how scripting, low-code, no-code, and API integrations can help you work more efficiently—without extra setup or complex systems.
Watch Now
A365 Webinar: Altium BOM Portal - From PCB Design to Parts Ordering in Minutes
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 21, 2025
Altium 365 BOM Portal - From PCB Design to Parts Ordering in Minutes
Join us to learn how to reduce sourcing time by up to 70% using Altium 365 BOM Portal.
Watch Now
April 2025 COM Webinar
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 17, 2025
Advanced xSignal and Impedance Control Techniques
We are hosting a free webinar on advanced xSignal configuration and impedance control techniques in Altium Designer to help you tackle signal integrity challenges. Register now to enhance your design skills.
Watch Now
Altium Enterprise
On-Demand Webinar • Mar 25, 2025
Unlocking the full potential of your design team with Altium's enterprise solution
See how Altium's enterprise solution can help you meet your electronic product design goals
Watch Now
Transmission line
On-Demand Webinar • Mar 4, 2025
Optimizing Layer Stackup and Impedance for High-Speed PCB Design
Learn how to master the layer stack manager to efficiently create stackups, manage materials, and ensure optimal design performance.
Watch Now
Harness design
On-Demand Webinar • Mar 2, 2025
Design Smarter - Harness, Multi-board, and MCAD CoDesign in Action
Discover how the latest Harness, Multi-board, and MCAD CoDesign tools can revolutionize your PCB design workflow.
Watch Now
ADv25
On-Demand Webinar • Jan 30, 2025
6 Reasons to Switch Design Tools
Come see how Altium Designer, the industry standard for PCB design, combined with Altium 365 delivers the world’s first connected PCB design experience.
Watch Now
PCB CoDesign
On-Demand Webinar • Jan 29, 2025
Level Up Your Team's Productivity with Altium
Discover how to create an efficient, collaborative, and transparent design process for your team!
Watch Now
Assembly variants
On-Demand Webinar • Jan 9, 2025
Designing with Assembly Variants
Join us to learn best practices and get into the details about setting up variants in your designs and speeding up your project development.
Watch Now
Single layer PCB
On-Demand Webinar • Jan 8, 2025
Optimized for Success - Advanced PCB Features in Altium Designer
This webinar will show you how to use the latest PCB Layout, signal integrity analysis, and component management design tools in Altium Designer.
Watch Now
Rigid flex
On-Demand Webinar • Dec 19, 2024
How To Use Modern Rigid-Flex Substrates
Join us in this webinar where we’ll go over how you can easily create your own flex design.
Watch Now
Power Analyzer
On-Demand Webinar • Oct 29, 2024
Power Integrity Made Simple
Power Analyzer by Keysight in Altium Designer makes it easy to resolve PDN issues that arise during the board design process within a unified design environment.
Watch Now
Electronic Component Traceability
On-Demand Webinar • Oct 25, 2024
Ensuring Electronic Component Traceability From Idea to Innovation
Watch the webinar to learn how to achieve full transparency, improve collaboration, and ensure compliance throughout your entire supply chain—whether you are sourcing domestically or abroad.
Watch Now
Why Altium Designer is Your Next Step for PCB Design
On-Demand Webinar • Oct 24, 2024
Why Altium Designer is Your Next Step for PCB Design
Join us to see how moving to Altium Designer can enable resilient and scalable designs while streamlining your entire workflow.
Watch Now
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
Tag (field_common_tag)
Loading
Loading...
Share link
Share with
Search by Update
Version
Update
25 26 24 23 22
25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9
26.1 26.2
24.10 24.9 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.2 24.1 24.0
23.11 23.10 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.0
22.11 22.10 22.9 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.5 22.4 22.3