Skip to main content

Main navigation

  • Home
  • Discover
  • Learning Center
  • What’s New

Second main navigation

  • Altium Community
  • Support
  • Documentation
×

Results

  • Updates
  • Blog 570
  • Video 539
  • Webinar 86
  • Playlist 53
Filters:
Tag (field_common_tag)
Embedded thumbnail for Altium Training - Navigating Schematics: Schematic Preference Settings for Navigation
Altium Training • Nov 3, 2025
Altium Training - Navigating Schematics: Schematic Preference Settings for Navigation

Unlock smarter design navigation in Altium! Learn how to customize navigation preferences to boost your design insight and visualize connectivity like never before. In this video, we’ll explore Design Insight settings, interactive connectivity hover features, and quick thumbnail navigation between schematic sheets. All designed to make your workflow faster, clearer, and more intuitive.

Start Watching
Blog • Oct 30, 2025
What Is BOM Management? A Practical Guide to Avoiding Costly Part Mismatches

From design to production, effective Bill of Materials (BOM) management is critical to ensuring smooth collaboration between engineering, procurement, and manufacturing teams. In this practical guide, we break down proven strategies for structuring, maintaining, and synchronizing your BOM to prevent costly mistakes and accelerate time-to-market.

Read More
Blog • Oct 29, 2025
Requirements Portal Introductory Tutorials

This series of guided demos shows how the Altium Requirements Portal transforms scattered requirement spreadsheets and emails into traceable, version-controlled data that stays aligned with your PCB design efforts.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for PCB Design Tools for Every Team Size: Altium's New Approach
How-To's • Oct 28, 2025
PCB Design Tools for Every Team Size: Altium's New Approach

Explore how Altium is transforming PCB design with software solutions built for teams of every size. In this exclusive PCB West 2025 interview, Justin Sears highlights the key distinctions between Altium Develop and Altium Agile helping you identify the ideal platform for your design needs.

Start Watching
Blog • Oct 27, 2025
Bridging the Gap: When to Use Rigid-Flex Instead of Flex & Connector

Discover when a rigid-flex PCB is a better choice than a separate flex circuit and connector, especially for designs requiring compact packaging, repeated motion or high reliability. The article emphasizes that although rigid-flex needs more upfront planning and fabrication collaboration, it often pays off in simpler assemblies and improved performance.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for PCB Design: Sequential Lamination vs Sub-Lamination
How-To's • Oct 23, 2025
PCB Design: Sequential Lamination vs Sub-Lamination

Explore the key distinctions between sequential lamination and sub-lamination techniques, and learn how each approach influences microvia placement, board complexity, and design flexibility in high-density interconnect (HDI) circuit board fabrication.

 

Start Watching
Blog • Oct 22, 2025
Bridging Mechanical and Electrical Teams for Smarter Automotive Design

As vehicles evolve into advanced electronic systems, the separation between electrical and mechanical design teams becomes a critical bottleneck. This article explores how synchronized ECAD–MCAD workflows help automotive projects move faster, reduce rework and maintain design integrity.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for PCB Design Review: Power Meter Layout Deep Dive
How-To's • Oct 21, 2025
PCB Design Review: Power Meter Layout Deep Dive

Gain practical insights into PCB design with an in-depth power meter project review, covering parameter optimization, BOM control, and IPC-compliant high-voltage spacing.

Start Watching
Blog • Oct 20, 2025
Via Structures: Designing for Reliability, Not Just Density

We all want to pack more into our PCB designs, but the smallest via isn’t always the smartest one. Dive in to learn how picking the right structure can save you headaches down the line.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Drawing Tools for Pro Schematics in Altium
How-To's • Oct 16, 2025
Drawing Tools for Pro Schematics in Altium

In our brand-new tutorial, you’ll learn how to create professional-looking schematics in Altium using built-in drawing tools and features. We’ll show you how to add custom title blocks, revision histories, tables of contents, block diagrams, and color schemes to make your schematics stand out.

Start Watching
Blog • Oct 15, 2025
How Structural Electronics Enables 3D, Flexible, and Wearable Integration

Structural electronics integrates electronic functionality directly into the physical structure of a product, eliminating the need for traditional circuit boards. This article examines how advances in materials, additive manufacturing, and flexible substrates are enabling compact, 3D, and wearable systems with enhanced performance and design freedom.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for 3 GHz RF Amplifier Deep Dive
How-To's • Oct 14, 2025
3 GHz RF Amplifier Deep Dive

Check out our design review of a 3.6 GHz RF amplifier! This in-depth analysis highlights schematic issues, PCB layout challenges, and key RF design principles to help you build better high-frequency circuits.

Start Watching
Blog • Oct 9, 2025
Beyond Traces: Why Soldermask May Be the Critical Factor in Ultra HDI

In ultra-HDI designs, soldermask is no longer a passive coating but a pivotal element that can determine manufacturability. This article explores why mask registration, resolution, and feature tolerances become critical as line spacings shrink below 50 µm.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for The Right Way to Use SIG/GND/PWR/SIG Stackups
How-To's • Oct 8, 2025
The Right Way to Use SIG/GND/PWR/SIG Stackups

Find out how to properly implement signal-ground-power-signal stackups in 4-layer PCB designs. Check out our tutorial from Zach Peterson, where he explains when to use dedicated power layers, how to route signals correctly over split power planes, and common mistakes to avoid for optimal EMI performance and signal integrity.

Start Watching
Blog • Oct 7, 2025
How ECAD-MCAD Co-Design Supports Aerospace Reliability and Compliance

When the margin for error is nearly zero, aerospace engineering demands a design process that’s seamless across all domains. Here, we explore how ECAD-MCAD co-design delivers an integrated workflow that supports first-pass success and compliance with strict aerospace standards.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Altium Training - Design Environment: Documents and Panels
Altium Training • Oct 6, 2025
Altium Training - Design Environment: Documents and Panels

In our new tutorial, we explore different panel display modes, including docked, floating, and tabbed grouping arrangements. Effective panel management is essential for creating an efficient design environment tailored to your specific workflow requirements.

Start Watching
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
Designing the Next-Generation Electronics
Blog • Jun 2, 2022
A-SAP™ – What do you need to know?

The continued miniaturization of both packaging and component size in next-generation electronics is becoming harder and harder to work around and presents a significant challenge for both PCB designers and PCB fabricators. To effectively navigate the constraints of the traditional subtractive-etch PCB fabrication processes, PCB designs require advanced PCB fabrication capabilities while pushing the limits of finer feature size, higher layer counts, multiple levels of stacked micro vias and increased lamination cycles.

Read More
Pin-package and Via Delay Values
Blog • May 31, 2022
Pin-Package Delay and Via Delay in High Speed Length Tuning

Take a look at the inside of some integrated circuit packages, and you’ll find a number of wires bonded to the semiconductor die and the pads at the edge of the component's package. As a signal traverses makes its way along an interconnect and into a destination circuit, signals need to travel across these bond wires and pads before they are interpreted as a logic state. As you look around the edge of an IC, these bond wires can have different lengths, and they incur different levels of delay and contribute to total jitter.

Read More
6-Layer PCB Design
Blog • May 26, 2022
6-Layer PCB Design Guidelines

Once you’ve run out of room on your 4-layer PCB, it’s time to graduate to a 6-layer board. The additional layer can give you room for more signals, an additional plane pair, or a mix of conductors. How you use these extra layers is less important than how you arrange them in the PCB stackup, as well as how you route on a 6-layer PCB. If you’ve never used a 6-layer board before, or you’ve had EMI troubles with this stackup that are difficult to solve, keep reading to see some 6-layer PCB design guidelines and best practices.

Read More
Altium Designer Interface
Blog • May 25, 2022
Altium Designer 22.5 Update

We are happy to announce that the Altium Designer 22.5 update is now available. Altium Designer 22.5 continues to focus on improving the user experience, as well as performance and stability of the software, based on feedback from our users. Check out the key new features in the What's New section on the left side of this window!

Read More
Are Hybrid PCB Stackups Reliable?
Blog • May 24, 2022
How Reliable is Your Hybrid PCB Stackup?

PCB stackups often incorporate slightly dissimilar materials that could pose a reliability problem. Hybrid PCBs are one case where the PCB stackup will include different materials, typically a standard FR4 laminate and a PTFE laminate for RF PCBs. Designers who want to take the lead on material selection when designing their hybrid stackups should consider these factors that affect reliability. As with any PCB stackup, make sure you get your fabricator involved in the manufacturing process early to ensure reliability problems do not arise during production.

Read More
Monte Carlo vs Sensitivity Analysis
Blog • May 19, 2022
Monte Carlo Simulation vs. Sensitivity Analysis: What’s the Difference?

In a previous article about circuit simulation and reliability, I looked at how Monte Carlo analysis is commonly used to evaluate circuits that are subject to random variations in component values. Sensitivity analysis is a bit different and it tells you how the operating characteristics of your circuit change in a specific direction. Compared to a Monte Carlo simulation, sensitivity analysis gives you a convenient way to predict exactly how the operating characteristics will change if you were to deliberately increase or decrease the value of a component.

Read More
Simulation, Build and Test
Blog • May 17, 2022
Creating Continuous Integration Pipelines for FPGAs

Field Programmable Gate Arrays, or FPGAs, have become ubiquitous amongst high-speed, real-time digital systems. The speed at which FPGAs operate continues to increase at a dizzying pace but their adoption into Continuous Integration pipelines seems not to trail as closely. In this article we will review the concept of CI pipelines, their application to FPGAs, and look at examples on how to set this up.

Read More
Collaborators Visualization
Blog • May 12, 2022
Soft Locks [Conflict Prevention] in Altium 365

Conflicts can occur when multiple people work on the same project simultaneously. The user might not realize that they are not looking at the latest version of the documentation, leading to problems later. To address this issue, Altium features an intuitive graphical user interface that allows you to examine conflicts quickly and carefully

Read More
Guide to Monte Carlo in SPICE
Blog • May 10, 2022
The Basics of Monte Carlo in SPICE: Theory and Demo

Anytime you place a component in your PCB, it’s almost like you’re gambling. All components have tolerances, and some of these are very precise, but others components can have very wide tolerances on their nominal values. In the event the tolerances on these components become too large, how can you predict how these tolerances will affect your circuits?

Read More
BGA Land Patterns and Footprints
Blog • May 5, 2022
What's In Your BGA Land Pattern and Footprint

If you look in datasheets for most components, you’ll often find a recommended land pattern, usually alongside some mechanical package information and assembly information. This is not always the case with BGA components, especially components with high ball count. There are a few reasons for this that we can speculate: those ball counts might just be too big to put into a single page, or the manufacturer just expects you to know how to create that land pattern.

Read More
Molded Interconnect Devices
Blog • May 3, 2022
MIDs Make a Comeback as Vertical SMD Modules for Your PCB

Molded interconnect devices are essentially plastic molded substrates with traces running along any surface, including at right angles and running vertically. Altium users can use the new 3D Routing extension to design their own component carriers, which can be mounted vertically in a standard assembly process. If you’ve always wanted to vertically mount components or entire circuits, but without the expense of adding a flex section to your design, the new 3D Routing extension with HARTING’s component carrier designs provides a unique solution.

Read More
MCAD CoDesign Process
Blog • Apr 28, 2022
MCAD CoDesigner 2.9.0 is Out

Altium has released version 2.9.0 of the MCAD CoDesigner. This version has the option to exclude small components when transferring from ECAD to MCAD. The arc behavior was improved, and the support for splines in board shape and cutouts was added. With this release, you can now select a specific SOLIDWORKS configuration of a part to use on the board and view the improvements made for Siemens NX.

Read More
Rigid-Flex in Altium Designer
Blog • Apr 26, 2022
Support for Rigid-Flex in Altium Designer

Altium Designer's world-class PCB design features help users quickly get started with new rigid-flex designs and prepare them for manufacturing. Rigid-flex in Altium Designer starts with designing a manufacturable PCB layer stack complete with via transitions and any calculated impedance requirements. Keep reading to see how Altium Designer supports your flex and rigid-flex designs.

Read More
2+N+2 PCB Stackups
Blog • Apr 21, 2022
2+N+2 PCB Stackup Design for HDI Boards

Like any other advanced PCB, success in HDI design comes from designing the right stackup. One common HDI stackup used to support routing into moderate pin count, high-density BGA components is the 2+N+2 PCB layer stack for HDI boards. We’ll explore this stackup more in this article, as well as how it is related to other advanced stackups used in HDI PCBs.

Read More
PDF Viewer in Altium 365
Blog • Apr 19, 2022
PDF in Altium 365 Web Viewer

Altium 365 Web Viewer now includes a built-in PDF viewer that allows you to view PDF files in releases without an external PDF viewer application. Keep reading to learn about new key features that make your work easier

Read More
Rigid-Flex Applications
Blog • Apr 14, 2022
Flex and Rigid-Flex PCB Applications

There are two basic reasons for designing a flex circuit into your product: to build a compact and efficiently assembled device, or to make the circuit dynamically integrated with the mechanical function of the product. You may, of course, lean on both of these reasons for justifying the use of flex circuits. On this note, let’s look at some rigid-flex PCB applications and design examples to see the issues that spring to mind when designing flex circuits

Read More
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
Embedded thumbnail for PCB Stackups in Reverse?
How-To's • Apr 21, 2025
PCB Stackups in Reverse?

Watch our new tutorial on reverse PCB stackups — a unique approach that combines thin internal layers with thicker outer cores for specialized applications. Learn how to implement reverse stackups effectively in Altium Designer, understand key manufacturability constraints, and explore Rogers materials specifically suited for this technique.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Design Smarter - Harness, Multi-board, and MCAD CoDesign in Action
New in Altium Designer 25 • Apr 16, 2025
Design Smarter - Harness, Multi-board, and MCAD CoDesign in Action

This webinar highlights how Altium Designer 25, with a Pro or Enterprise subscription, enables seamless ECAD-MCAD collaboration using Harness and Multi-board Design tools and the advanced MCAD CoDesigner. Viewers will learn how to integrate harness designs, optimize multi-board systems for enclosure fit, and synchronize designs with SolidWorks, PTC Creo, and Autodesk Inventor.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Unified Login in Altium Designer 25
New in Altium Designer 25 • Apr 14, 2025
Unified Login in Altium Designer 25

We've unified the login experience across Altium Designer, Altium 365, and the Altium website—one set of credentials is all you need. This update simplifies access, enhances security, and improves session management for a smoother user experience.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Custom Ethernet Switch Powers Up: Assembly to Working Hardware Test
How-To's • Apr 11, 2025
Custom Ethernet Switch Powers Up: Assembly to Working Hardware Test

Watch our latest video as host Zach Peterson presents his custom Ethernet switch PCB. He walks through the design in Altium Designer, programs the firmware, and tests the board in a real server environment using both copper and fiber connections. This video showcases the complete journey from PCB design to fully functional hardware.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Mastering Pad and Via Templates (or Padstacks) in Altium Designer
How-To's • Apr 1, 2025
Mastering Pad and Via Templates (or Padstacks) in Altium Designer

Learn how to create, export, and reuse Pad and Via templates (Padstacks) in Altium Designer. This tutorial covers standardized libraries to optimize PCB design and ensure consistency across projects.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Power Rail Routing Mastery: Multiple Voltage Planes in Altium Designer
How-To's • Mar 28, 2025
Power Rail Routing Mastery: Multiple Voltage Planes in Altium Designer

Want to design a complex Power Distribution Network (PDN)? Watch our exclusive tutorial to learn expert techniques for routing 10+ power rails on a single PCB layer—while minimizing EMI and ensuring signal integrity.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Unveiling 99% Task Time Efficiency
Altium Designer's 25 Quantitative Benefits • Mar 27, 2025
Unveiling 99% Task Time Efficiency

This video showcases Altium Designer 25’s PCB Section View, a powerful tool for detailed circuit analysis and optimization. Learn how it enhances precision, improves performance, and simplifies complex PCB layouts with real-world applications.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Bottom Terminated Component Guide: Footprint Design Best Practices
How-To's • Mar 21, 2025
Bottom Terminated Component Guide: Footprint Design Best Practices

Want to create a reliable footprint for your PCB design? Watch our latest video with Zach Peterson and learn best practices for designing PCB footprints for bottom-terminated components. This tutorial covers how to properly design paste masks for QFNs, BGAs, and other bottom-terminated packages to prevent common assembly issues.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Design 4x Faster with Altium Designer 25
Altium Designer's 25 Quantitative Benefits • Mar 20, 2025
Design 4x Faster with Altium Designer 25

PCB CoDesign in Altium Designer 25 enables multiple engineers to collaborate on a single PCB design, saving over 10 minutes and 300+ clicks. With an intuitive compare-and-merge workflow, teams can efficiently resolve conflicts and streamline their design process. Check out this video to learn more, and use the Benefit Calculator to see your potential time savings: https://www.altium.com/benefit-calculator.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Empowering Hybrid Designs with Wire Bonding
New in Altium Designer 25 • Mar 18, 2025
Empowering Hybrid Designs with Wire Bonding

Our latest whitepaper on Wire Bonding technology is now available! It explores the role of wire bonding in modern PCB design and how Altium Designer 25 enhances the process with dedicated features. Access it here: Wire Bonding Whitepaper.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for 8 Times Faster Simulations Using Altium Designer 25
Altium Designer's 25 Quantitative Benefits • Mar 14, 2025
8 Times Faster Simulations Using Altium Designer 25

Speed up your simulations with Altium Designer 25—now up to 8x faster! Watch our comparison to see how built-in simulation slashes processing time, saving you valuable minutes on every task.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Harness Design Top 5 Improvements in Altium Designer 25
New in Altium Designer 25 • Mar 12, 2025
Harness Design Top 5 Improvements in Altium Designer 25

Harness Design in Altium Designer 25 just got a major upgrade! This video showcases the top five new features that improve flexibility, organization, and efficiency in your wiring workflow. Watch now to see these enhancements in action and take your designs to the next level!

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for HitIQ uses Altium solutions to better understand brain injuries in sports sciences
Altium Stories • Mar 7, 2025
HitIQ uses Altium solutions to better understand brain injuries in sports sciences

Watch our video about HitIQ and theirs usage of Altium's software to develop a Smart Mouthguard, an advanced concussion management solution. Our software accelerated their development, improved accuracy, and its helpful for detecting and managing sports-related brain injuries.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Boost Team Productivity with Seamless Collaboration - Recording Preview
New in Altium Designer 25 • Mar 5, 2025
Boost Team Productivity with Seamless Collaboration - Recording Preview

Discover how to enhance your PCB design workflow with Altium Designer and Altium 365. Learn to speed up tasks, enhance collaboration, connect teams, and optimize part selection—all in one seamless environment.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Altium Tutorial: Harness Design to Multi-Board Assembly Workflow
How-To's • Feb 28, 2025
Altium Tutorial: Harness Design to Multi-Board Assembly Workflow

Watch our latest tutorial on Harness Design and Multi-board, where we showcase best practices for Harness Design, MCAD collaboration, and manufacturing documentation generation to enhance your PCB assembly workflow.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Smart Mouthguard Impacting Concussion Science
Altium Stories • Feb 26, 2025
Smart Mouthguard Impacting Concussion Science

Check out our latest Customer Success Story about HitIQ, founded by former AFL player Nathan Murphy. HitIQ harnessed Altium’s design and collaboration tools to develop its Smart Mouthguard—an advanced concussion management solution. The team utilized Altium Designer’s Rigid-Flex PCB capabilities and Constraint Manager, along with Altium 365’s Web Viewer and Cloud Storage, to create a compact yet highly functional design while enhancing cross-functional collaboration.

Start Watching
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
Altium Enterprise
On-Demand Webinar • May 10, 2025
Streamline your customer relation with Altium 365 Enterprise
Join our webinar designed for engineers and users in EMS companies
Watch Now
PCB
On-Demand Webinar • May 1, 2025
Altium Designer Overview
Altium Designer is the #1 PCB design tool for a reason. Join us for this live webinar and get an inside look at Altium’s world-class PCB design solution. See for yourself why design teams around the globe are making the switch to Altium Designer. Register now!
Watch Now
Enterprise
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 25, 2025
Altium Customization with Scripting or Low-Code
See how scripting, low-code, no-code, and API integrations can help you work more efficiently—without extra setup or complex systems.
Watch Now
A365 Webinar: Altium BOM Portal - From PCB Design to Parts Ordering in Minutes
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 21, 2025
Altium 365 BOM Portal - From PCB Design to Parts Ordering in Minutes
Join us to learn how to reduce sourcing time by up to 70% using Altium 365 BOM Portal.
Watch Now
April 2025 COM Webinar
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 17, 2025
Advanced xSignal and Impedance Control Techniques
We are hosting a free webinar on advanced xSignal configuration and impedance control techniques in Altium Designer to help you tackle signal integrity challenges. Register now to enhance your design skills.
Watch Now
Altium Enterprise
On-Demand Webinar • Mar 25, 2025
Unlocking the full potential of your design team with Altium's enterprise solution
See how Altium's enterprise solution can help you meet your electronic product design goals
Watch Now
Transmission line
On-Demand Webinar • Mar 4, 2025
Optimizing Layer Stackup and Impedance for High-Speed PCB Design
Learn how to master the layer stack manager to efficiently create stackups, manage materials, and ensure optimal design performance.
Watch Now
Harness design
On-Demand Webinar • Mar 2, 2025
Design Smarter - Harness, Multi-board, and MCAD CoDesign in Action
Discover how the latest Harness, Multi-board, and MCAD CoDesign tools can revolutionize your PCB design workflow.
Watch Now
ADv25
On-Demand Webinar • Jan 30, 2025
6 Reasons to Switch Design Tools
Come see how Altium Designer, the industry standard for PCB design, combined with Altium 365 delivers the world’s first connected PCB design experience.
Watch Now
PCB CoDesign
On-Demand Webinar • Jan 29, 2025
Level Up Your Team's Productivity with Altium
Discover how to create an efficient, collaborative, and transparent design process for your team!
Watch Now
Assembly variants
On-Demand Webinar • Jan 9, 2025
Designing with Assembly Variants
Join us to learn best practices and get into the details about setting up variants in your designs and speeding up your project development.
Watch Now
Single layer PCB
On-Demand Webinar • Jan 8, 2025
Optimized for Success - Advanced PCB Features in Altium Designer
This webinar will show you how to use the latest PCB Layout, signal integrity analysis, and component management design tools in Altium Designer.
Watch Now
Rigid flex
On-Demand Webinar • Dec 19, 2024
How To Use Modern Rigid-Flex Substrates
Join us in this webinar where we’ll go over how you can easily create your own flex design.
Watch Now
Power Analyzer
On-Demand Webinar • Oct 29, 2024
Power Integrity Made Simple
Power Analyzer by Keysight in Altium Designer makes it easy to resolve PDN issues that arise during the board design process within a unified design environment.
Watch Now
Electronic Component Traceability
On-Demand Webinar • Oct 25, 2024
Ensuring Electronic Component Traceability From Idea to Innovation
Watch the webinar to learn how to achieve full transparency, improve collaboration, and ensure compliance throughout your entire supply chain—whether you are sourcing domestically or abroad.
Watch Now
Why Altium Designer is Your Next Step for PCB Design
On-Demand Webinar • Oct 24, 2024
Why Altium Designer is Your Next Step for PCB Design
Join us to see how moving to Altium Designer can enable resilient and scalable designs while streamlining your entire workflow.
Watch Now
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
Tag (field_common_tag)
Loading
Loading...
Share link
Share with
Search by Update
Version
Update
25 26 24 23 22
25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9
26.1 26.2
24.10 24.9 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.2 24.1 24.0
23.11 23.10 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.0
22.11 22.10 22.9 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.5 22.4 22.3