Skip to main content

Main navigation

  • Home
  • Discover
  • Learning Center
  • What’s New

Second main navigation

  • Altium Community
  • Support
  • Documentation
×

Results

  • Updates
  • Blog 571
  • Video 540
  • Webinar 86
  • Playlist 53
Filters:
Tag (field_common_tag)
Embedded thumbnail for Demonstration Altium DISCOVER - Embedded World North America 2025
Embedded World 2025 • Dec 8, 2025
Demonstration Altium DISCOVER - Embedded World North America 2025

Check out our live demo from Embedded World North America 2025 showcasing Altium Discover. In this video, you’ll see how the platform helps reduce sourcing risk, shorten design cycles, and keep projects moving forward with confidence.

Start Watching
Blog • Dec 4, 2025
How to Manage ECAD Libraries for Consistent PCB Layout Design

Strong hardware starts with strong libraries. Discover how disciplined ECAD-library management dramatically improves design consistency and accelerates every stage of your PCB workflow.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Altium Agile for Modern Electronics Development - Presentation Embedded World North America 2025
Embedded World 2025 • Dec 3, 2025
Altium Agile for Modern Electronics Development - Presentation Embedded World North America 2025

Watch our presentation from Embedded World North America 2025 to learn how Altium Agile brings structure, visibility, and velocity to modern hardware development. Discover how multidisciplinary teams can eliminate workflow chaos, track progress in real time, and accelerate delivery without compromising quality.

Start Watching
Blog • Dec 2, 2025
High Speed PCB Design Review: Signal Integrity Questions You Should Always Ask

As data rates increase, the risks hidden in your layout grow with them. This quick guide highlights the critical SI checkpoints that can save you from late-stage surprises and redesigns. If you design high-speed boards, you’ll want to read this before your next review.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Demonstration Altium DEVELOP - Embedded World North America 2025
Embedded World 2025 • Dec 1, 2025
Demonstration Altium DEVELOP - Embedded World North America 2025

See how Altium Develop empowers engineering teams with fast, cloud-connected PCB design built for modern collaboration. This live demo from Embedded World North America 2025 showcases real-time co-creation, smooth MCAD-ECAD integration, and a design environment that lets you stay focused on what matters building great products.

Start Watching
Blog • Nov 26, 2025
Supplier Negotiation: Turn Market Data Into Your Best Negotiation Tool

Don’t walk into supplier talks blind. Use market data to benchmark quotes, check lead times and uncover alternate parts. This article shows how visibility can shift the balance and de-risk your BOM.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for From Collaboration to Co Creation – Presentation Embedded World North America 2025
Embedded World 2025 • Nov 25, 2025
From Collaboration to Co Creation – Presentation Embedded World North America 2025

In this Embedded World North America 2025 presentation, learn how Altium enables electrical, mechanical, firmware, sourcing, and manufacturing teams to collaborate seamlessly in real time through shared data, shared context, and shared visibility. Experience how unified workflows reduce rework, speed up decision-making, and empower teams to deliver exceptional products faster.

Start Watching
Blog • Nov 24, 2025
Via-in-Pad in Rigid-Flex Designs: When Space Is Tight, Details Matter

Designing rigid-flex boards is like solving a 3D puzzle of materials, bends and tight spaces, and via-in-pad might just be the piece you need. Dive into how and when to use via-in-pad in rigid-flex designs, and what to watch out for from fabrication to field reliability.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for PCB Design: Defining Electrical Clearances in High Voltage PCBs
How-To's • Nov 20, 2025
PCB Design: Defining Electrical Clearances in High Voltage PCBs

Unlock the essential principles behind defining electrical clearances for high-voltage PCB designs in our brand-new tutorial. Learn how to apply accurate, layer-specific clearance rules using IPC-2221 standards and harness the full power of Altium’s query system.

Start Watching
Blog • Nov 19, 2025
Wearable Electronics: Innovations, Challenges & Future Trends

This whitepaper examines how next-generation wearable electronics are evolving through advancements in flexible and rigid-flex design, smart materials, AI, energy innovations, and connectivity. Discover what’s required to transform early prototypes into scalable, reliable products across healthcare, sports, defense, fashion, and enterprise applications.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Demonstration Altium AGILE Enterprise - Embedded World North America 2025
Embedded World 2025 • Nov 18, 2025
Demonstration Altium AGILE Enterprise - Embedded World North America 2025

Experience how Altium Agile Enterprise turns complex engineering collaboration into a streamlined, unified workflow. In this live demonstration from Embedded World North America 2025, you’ll see how multi-disciplinary teams can simplify processes, minimize rework, and maintain clear alignment from requirements through release. All within a single, powerful platform.

Start Watching
Blog • Nov 17, 2025
Streamlining Component Selection for Long Product Lifecycles

Electronic parts may now cycle from launch to end-of-life in just a few years, but many systems are expected to serve for 10–20+ years. Here’s how to build a component selection process that aligns engineering, procurement and design for longevity and stability.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for Highlights from the Altium Booth at Embedded World North America 2025
Embedded World 2025 • Nov 12, 2025
Highlights from the Altium Booth at Embedded World North America 2025

Check out our short recap of Altium’s participation at Embedded World North America 2025 in Anaheim. In the coming weeks, we’ll be sharing a few exciting presentations and demos featuring our new products: Altium Develop, Altium Agile, and Altium Discover.

Start Watching
Blog • Nov 12, 2025
Using ECAD Software to Track Part Availability During PCB Design

As component lead-times extend and obsolescence becomes a persistent threat, PCB projects demand more than schematic capture and layout tools alone. This article details how ECAD software with embedded supply-chain intelligence can: unify engineering and procurement teams; provide visibility into stock levels, lead times and alternates; and enable proactive risk mitigation within the design loop.

Read More
Embedded thumbnail for USB-PD Business Card: Examination & Power Test
How-To's • Nov 10, 2025
USB-PD Business Card: Examination & Power Test

Join us as we explore a PCB business card received at the PCB West Conference. We'll take a closer look under the microscope to examine its intricate components, test its power delivery capabilities, and uncover the engineering marvel behind this tiny device.

Start Watching
Blog • Nov 6, 2025
PCB Design Data Management Tips for Multi-Board Projects

In complex electronic systems, managing data from multiple printed circuit boards can quickly become a logistical challenge. This article outlines a structured workflow for handling both board-level and assembly-level design outputs, ensuring clarity and consistency across fabrication, assembly and product-level documentation.

Read More
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
electrical circuit with microcontroller
Blog • Dec 27, 2022
Designing Custom Hardware with Microcontrollers

In this article, we’ll look at all that is required to start creating your own custom microcontroller-based hardware designs. You’ll see that there actually isn’t too much to this, as microcontroller manufacturers over the years have tried to make the learning curve less steep and their devices more, and more accessible. This is both from an electrical point of view but also – equally importantly – from a programming point of view.

Read More
high-speed printed circuit board
Blog • Dec 22, 2022
Guide to Low-Dk PCB Materials

If you’ve taken time to learn about PCB material options and layer constructions, you have probably seen the wide range of materials that are available on the market. Materials companies produce laminates with varying Dk values, Tg values, weave styles, CTI values, and mechanical properties to target various applications in the electronics industry.

Read More
freeway in the background of the city
Blog • Dec 20, 2022
Designing for V2X Communication: Wireless Protocols and Standards

If you’re waiting for truly connected cars on a grand scale, there is still a massive amount of work to be done, both on the hardware and software sides. Connected cars can only become a widespread reality once the automotive industry and telecom carriers can decide which protocol will work best for vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication. PCB designers will then need to step in to create these systems and fit them into a vehicular environment.

Read More
Everything You Need to Know About Stitching Vias
Blog • Dec 15, 2022
Everything You Need to Know About Stitching Vias

This one area of PCB design can be contentious among some designers as it is related to copper pour, which it is often stated is not needed in most designs. Regardless of your feelings about copper pour, stitching vias have important uses in PCBs at low frequencies and at high frequencies.

Read More
IPC-2221 Calculator for PCB Trace Current and Heating
Blog • Dec 13, 2022
IPC-2221 Calculator for PCB Trace Current and Heating

The IPC-2221 standard includes many requirements for printed circuit board design and manufacturability, and there are several online calculators that have been developed based on this standard.

Read More
All About Box Build Assemblies
Blog • Dec 8, 2022
All About Box Build Assemblies

When you’re ready to manufacture a new device at production volume, there are many aspects of the product that must come together. The enclosure, cabling and connectors, embedded software/firmware, and of course the PCBA all have to be considered in totality. There is a quick way to get your product into a usable enclosure, complete with input power and cabling, and with a form factor that fits your PCBA. This overused route to a new product is a box build assembly. 

Read More
Ultra-HDI Technology is Not New
Blog • Dec 6, 2022
Ultra-HDI Technology is Not New

Printed circuit board fabricators have become skilled at manufacturing these technologies and also at understanding the reliability and producibility challenges associated with high-density-interconnect technology. Let’s look at where the PCB industry is at today. 

Read More
Today's PCB Designers Are Driving Electronics Product Design
Blog • Dec 1, 2022
Today's PCB Designers Are Driving Electronics Product Design

What can the industry do to support PCB designers as they continue taking a more active role in product development? Here at Altium, there has been a progressive shift towards looking at the system level and creating tools that get designers more involved throughout the product development process. As the saying goes, over the wall engineering is over… today’s most successful products are built in a collaborative process.

Read More
Phased Array Antenna Design for 5G Applications
Blog • Nov 29, 2022
Phased Array Antenna Design for 5G Applications

As the 5G rollout progresses and researchers continue to discuss 6G, many new 5G-capable products operating in sub-GHz and mmWave bands are reaching the marketplace. Devices that will include a 5G-compatible front-end, whether small stations/repeaters or handheld devices, use phased arrays as high-gain antenna systems to provide high data throughput without losing range at higher frequencies.

Read More
IPC - Vias
Blog • Nov 24, 2022
IPC - Vias

Via protection is an important part of modern PCB design. It provides additional benefits in PCB manufacturing and assembly, increasing the number of acceptable products.

Read More
Power Integrity Analysis in Your PCB Design Software
Blog • Nov 22, 2022
Power Integrity Analysis in Your PCB Design Software

Power integrity problems can abound in modern PCBs, especially high-speed boards that run with fast edge rates. These systems require precise design of the PDN impedance to ensure stable power is always delivered throughout the system.

Read More
Schematic Compare
Blog • Nov 17, 2022
Schematic Compare

A design project doesn’t appear out of nowhere. The design process spreads over time, and project documents change. Schematic documents gradually become more complex, new functional blocks appear, and already finished parts can be modified and updated.

Read More
SPICE
Blog • Nov 16, 2022
Altium Designer 22.11 Update

We are happy to announce that the Altium Designer 22.11 update is now available. Altium Designer 22.11 continues to focus on improving the user experience, as well as performance and stability of the software, based on feedback from our users. Check out the key new features in the What's New section on the left side of this window!

Read More
Embedded Capacitance Materials Overview
Blog • Nov 15, 2022
Embedded Capacitance Materials Overview

Capacitance is your friend whenever you need stable power integrity, which is why there is so much focus on decoupling capacitors. While these components are important and they can be used to provide targeted power integrity solutions to certain components, there is one specialty material used to supercharge capacitance in your PCB stackup or package substrate. 

Read More
How To Import Libraries and Manage Components With Altium 365
Blog • Nov 15, 2022
How To Import Libraries and Manage Components With Altium 365

The problems you can experience with components and libraries are endless. These problems are the most significant source of design issues and the biggest reason behind respins, costing companies untold amounts of lost profit annually.
If you want to have a better understanding of how to use Altium 365 to maintain a strong and centralized library that is free of problems and headaches, you may want to consider attending this lecture.

Read More
The High-Speed PCB Stackup Design Challenge
Blog • Nov 10, 2022
The High-Speed PCB Stackup Design Challenge

As much as we would like to build every high speed PCB perfectly, with ideal SI/PI/EMI characteristics, it isn’t always possible due to many practical constraints. Sometimes a stackup can be “good enough,” even for a high-speed PCB. This always comes from the need to balance engineering constraints, functional requirements, and the need to ensure signal and power integrity in a high-speed design, and finally to ensure compliance with EMC requirements.

Read More
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
Embedded thumbnail for Using Polygons on Power Planes
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Using Polygons on Power Planes

Traditionally, a PCB power plane is designed as a negative, that is, the objects placed on a power plane layer become voids in the copper when the board is fabricated. This approach is used because it is more efficient to generate the output data this way, as the bulk of a plane layer is normally copper; voids in the copper are only needed in specific locations such as around non-connected pads, or as separation voids when the plane is divided into different voltage regions.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Enhanced Polar Grid Support
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Enhanced Polar Grid Support

Component placement is one of the main steps in board design. And in specific boards of a circular shape, it is convenient to use a polar grid for the location of components. Altium Designer 21 brings several improvements to the polar grid. Now, when a component is positioned in a polar grid, its properties additionally display location coordinates relative to this grid. Using them, you can quickly arrange the components in the right places. And moving the component off the grid, polar coordinates are automatically disabled.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for New PCB Length Tuning Patterns
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
New PCB Length Tuning Patterns

Length matching is a critical element of high-speed design, usually solved by carefully tuning the lengths of critical routes. This release sees extensive improvements to both single-sided and differential pair length tuning capabilities. Length tuning now supports all three popular tuning patterns: Trombone, Sawtooth, and Accordion. If you are working with lower speed or lower frequency signals, you can get away with trombone tuning. For the Trombone patterns, the polygonal area that the pattern is constructed within can be thought of as a sleeve.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Expressions Library for Frequently Used Rules
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Expressions Library for Frequently Used Rules

When working with design rules, we often use different scopes of the rules. To simplify the repetitive process of creating advanced type rules, the new Altium Designer 21 Rule Editor has the ability to save query-based object mapping scopes in a scoped library. To do this, it is enough to export the request by clicking on it with RMB. The library is presented through the Properties panel, where custom scopes can be edited, new ones added, and later reused in other custom constraint rules.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Constraint Rule Violations
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Constraint Rule Violations

Enabled design constraint rules are applied to the current board design through a range of mechanisms, such as live Online Design Rule Checking, the batch Design Rule Checker or selectively run from the PCB Rules and Violations panel. Violations of those constraint Rules – where the specified and scoped limits are exceeded – are indicated through board graphics, panel entries and reports. With the introduction of a new Rules Editor in Altium Designer 21, violations of these rules are now displayed in the Rules Editor itself.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Table-based Approach for Design Rules and Constraints
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Table-based Approach for Design Rules and Constraints

Define and assign a specific list of rules and constraints to all critical design elements, such as components, nets, and LVDS.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Comprehensive Simulation Model Support
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Comprehensive Simulation Model Support

Having accurate SPICE models is critical to the success of your simulation. Altium Designer now supports analog PSpice, LTspice, and more including generic component SPICE models for when you can’t find company models. Generic components contain Spice model parameters to simplify simulation. When you are done with simulation, quickly replace your generic components with an existing component to finish your design.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Easy to Start Simulations
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Easy to Start Simulations

0:00 Simulation Dashboard Panel Following on from the recent introduction of an advanced new SPICE Simulation engine for Altium Designer, the latest round of Simulation updates focuses on user interface. A major component of the Altium Designer Simulation user interface updates is the introduction of the Simulation Dashboard panel. The panel offers a greatly simplified approach to checking, configuring, running and reviewing simulations.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Rigid-Flex Board Planning Mode
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Rigid-Flex Board Planning Mode

This new release of Altium Designer 21 includes significant improvements to the Rigid-Flex board designs. Along with many bug fixes and enhancements, the next phase of Altium Rigid-Flex technology development is providing functional improvements. It is now possible to create new board regions by primitives using the appropriate command from the Design » Board Shape menu. The properties of all created regions are now displayed in the Properties panel where you can edit the name of each region and define the previously created stacks for each region of the board.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Component Pin to Multiple Pad Mapping
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Component Pin to Multiple Pad Mapping

This release introduces flexible pin to pad mapping capabilities for managed components. Enhancements to the Single Component Editor and the introduction of a new Pins panel allow component symbol pins to be mapped to any component footprint pad, or any number of footprint pads. The Pins panel, opened from the editor's button, allows the default one-to-one pin-pad mapping to be changed to a custom relationship, such as one pin being connected to multiple footprint pads – or any other non-aligned pin to pad number relationship.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Enhanced Navigation by Nets in Schematic - Altium Designer 21 What's New
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Enhanced Navigation by Nets in Schematic - Altium Designer 21 What's New

Altium Designer 21 brings many improvements to the schematic editor aimed at visualizing circuits and improving navigation through them in multi-sheet and hierarchical designs. By holding Alt and clicking on the net, All schematic instances of the net are highlighted, while other objects are dimmed, to visibly indicate the signal/power propagation in the design using one simple action. The changes also affected the Identification of net names. Now logical and physical names of a net are displayed in the properties panel as well as when you hover over this wire.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Intelligent Schematic Insights
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Intelligent Schematic Insights

Due to advances in the format and compilation of the Altium Designer data model, schematic Wire objects have now evolved from a simple graphical object to a more advanced form that can be directly associated with electrical parameters. As a result, the Wire mode of the Properties panel has been updated to provide an expanded set of options and a wider range of information. The new additions include a General section for net parameter options and information, and a Parameters section that lists the User Parameters, Rules and Net Classes associated with the Wire's assigned net.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Start Your Schematic with Generic Components
New in Altium Designer 21 • Dec 28, 2020
Start Your Schematic with Generic Components

It can be challenging to pick the right components when working on a new schematic. You have to consider availability, cost, and various parametric requirements. What if you could place a component to complete your design and quickly replace it when you are ready for layout? Introducing new Generic Components. Simply provide generic parameters, such as Value or Footprint, to greatly speed-up your capturing process while eliminating the need to search for specific Part Numbers or creating a needed component from scratch.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for MCAD CoDesigner Overview
Working with MCAD CoDesigner extension • Dec 21, 2020
MCAD CoDesigner Overview

The MCAD CoDesigner in Altium Designer allows for seamless design transfer between the Electrical and Mechanical designers. In this overview, we’ll show you how to transfer from Altium Designer to your CAD tool of choice, then how to resize the board, add mounting holes, add a new connector, and update the board design in Altium Designer.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for Bringing an MCAD Enclosure to ECAD
Working with MCAD CoDesigner extension • Nov 16, 2020
Bringing an MCAD Enclosure to ECAD

The Altium Designer MCAD CoDesigner panel and extension make it easy to move a 3D enclosure model from your MCAD tool to Altium Designer. We'll show you how and what to watch out for while your transferring your enclosure model to Altium Designer.

Start Watching
Embedded thumbnail for How to Perform a Component Search in Concord Pro - Altium Academy
How-To's • Oct 28, 2020
How to Perform a Component Search in Concord Pro - Altium Academy

In this video, I'll show you how to perform a component search in the Components Panel. Learn how to perform a component search in the Components Panel while using Altium Concord Pro to effectively host all your component libraries from Altium Designer. You can always locate any particular component using this library navigation and place it on your schematic with pricing information from global suppliers. This availability and pricing information gets updated daily directly from the suppliers so you will always get fresh, up to date information. 

Start Watching
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
BOM Editor
On-Demand Webinar • Jun 13, 2024
BOM Editor
Watch Now
Simulation
On-Demand Webinar • May 24, 2024
The Value of Upgrading: Time and Financial Advantages of Recent Altium Versions
Learn how features such as PCB Layout Replication, Auto Tuning, and Simulation are making design processes more efficient and effective.
Watch Now
Constraint Manager
On-Demand Webinar • May 22, 2024
Constraint Manager
Watch Now
Configurable Workflows In-App On Demand
On-Demand Webinar • May 20, 2024
Configuring Electronics Development Workflows That Really Work: Best Practices
Watch the webinar to understand the impact of disjointed workflows on project timelines, product quality, and cross-functional collaboration. Learn how configurable workflows can help you accelerate innovation and maintain competitive advantage.
Watch Now
Iterate Faster in Complex Engineering Projects Webinar Cover
On-Demand Webinar • May 15, 2024
Iterate Faster in Complex Engineering Projects
Learn how Valispace is transforming the world of requirements and systems engineering, enabling teams to do super fast design iterations and develop quality products while ensuring they comply with standards and regulations.
Watch Now
Z2Data Webinar Cover
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 25, 2024
Bridge the Information Divide: Altium 365 Meets Z2Data
Watch the webinar to learn how Z2Data can help you build resilience in engineering, compliance, and procurement through the comprehensive supply chain and component data.
Watch Now
Data management
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 22, 2024
Mastering Data Management with Altium Designer 24
Join our webinar to learn how easy it is to manage, access, and synchronize your data with Altium Designer 24.
Watch Now
BOM Portal Webinar Cover
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 19, 2024
Bridge the Gap Between Engineering and Procurement: Altium 365 BOM Portal
Watch the webinar to learn how to make informed decisions and mitigate supply chain risks with Altium 365 BOM Portal, BOM management application purpose-built for electronics engineering and procurement. Improve your time to market and proactively manage electronic component supply chain risks.
Watch Now
Enterprise Subscription
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 18, 2024
Introduction to Altium 365 Enterprise Subscription Level
Watch Now
Introduction to Altium 365 Enteroruse Subscription
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 18, 2024
Introduction to Altium 365 Enterprise Subscription Level
Watch Now
AD Subscription levels
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 18, 2024
Introduction to Altium 365 Pro Subscription
Watch Now
Altium 365 Standard Subscription
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 18, 2024
Introduction to A365 Subscription Levels - Standard
Watch Now
Harness Design
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 18, 2024
Harness Design Introductory Demo
In this video, we explore Altium Designer's integrated harness design features, showing how it simplifies creating wiring harnesses within the same environment as PCB and system design.
Watch Now
Introduction to Altium Designer Subscription Levels
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 18, 2024
Introduction to Altium Designer Subscription Levels
Whether customer designs are simple or complex, and your customers work solo or in a team,
Altium has a solution for every engineer or enterprise. Altium offers three subscription levels, Standard, Pro and Enterprise.
Watch Now
MCAD CoDesigner
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 18, 2024
MCAD CoDesigner: ECAD-MCAD Collaboration
This video introduces the MCAD CoDesigner feature in Altium Designer, a powerful tool designed to enhance collaboration between electrical and mechanical engineers.
Watch Now
SiliconExpert Integration Altium 365
On-Demand Webinar • Apr 11, 2024
Design with Confidence: Altium 365 Meets SiliconExpert
Watch the webinar to learn how SiliconExpert Integration in Altium 365 can optimize your workflows and elevate your design process.
Watch Now
  • Show More
Tag (field_common_tag)
Tag (field_common_tag)
Loading
Loading...
Share link
Share with
Search by Update
Version
Update
25 26 24 23 22
25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 25.9
26.1 26.2
24.10 24.9 24.8 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.2 24.1 24.0
23.11 23.10 23.9 23.8 23.7 23.6 23.5 23.4 23.3 23.2 23.1 23.0
22.11 22.10 22.9 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.5 22.4 22.3